A supercommon fragrance ingredient found naturally in many plants including citrus peel oils, rosemary or lavender. It's a commonsynthetic antioxidant that's used as a preservative.There is some controversy around BHT. :)). A clear, oily liquid that comes from refining crude oil. This Truth in Aging article details the situation and also writes that all these studies examine BHT when taken orally. A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. I had used this before but the smaller version locally was expensive and found this for a good price, Current slide {CURRENT_SLIDE} of {TOTAL_SLIDES}- Best Selling in Moisturizers, Current slide {CURRENT_SLIDE} of {TOTAL_SLIDES}- You may also like, {"modules":["unloadOptimization","bandwidthDetection"],"unloadOptimization":{"browsers":{"Firefox":true,"Chrome":true}},"bandwidthDetection":{"url":"https://ir.ebaystatic.com/cr/v/c1/thirtysevens.jpg","maxViews":4,"imgSize":37,"expiry":300000,"timeout":250}}. A person having very dry skin usually prefers lotion for body care and normally uses cream like Dove Intensive Cream as a face moisturizer. It makes your skin clearer, moisturized, flawless, luminous, spotless and very beautiful. No matter the origin, in small amounts (up to 1%) its a nice, gentle preservative. In conclusion, dove intensive cream is a cream that gives your body the treatment it needs to be healthy. is drying. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid calledstearic acid. It can be found in nature - in green tea - but the version used in cosmetics is synthetic. It's a white pigment with great color consistency and dispersibility. Writing is my passion and I do so to quench my thirst. Rhode Skincare has finally been launched after three years and it has been all over the internet since. It is a very controversial ingredient with pros and cons and plenty of mythsaround it. A 2005 study titled"Is mineral oil comedogenic?" While the occlusivity of mineral oil is in the same league as the occlusivity of plant oils, petrolatum is in a league of its own. So, I leave it for the whole night and in the morning my face and body parts feel nourished and fresh. The best of Business news, in your inbox. Its definitely a smart thing to avoid with sensitive skin (and fragrance of any type - natural is just as allergic as synthetic, if not worse!). Water, Petrolatum, Mineral Oil, Glycerin, Glycol Stearate, Palmitic Acid, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, Triethanolamine, Paraffin, Cetyl Alcohol, Microcrystalline Wax, Phenoxyethanol, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Methylparaben, Carbomer, Propylparaben, Stearamide AMP, Disodium EDTA, BHT, Tocopherol, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone and Fragrance. Its a little helper ingredient that helps to set the pH of a cosmetic formulation to be just right. I found this unbelievable gem at the Dollar Tree. It is typically used in tiny amounts, around 0.1% or less. As a regular user of Dove products, I suggest you personally use this beauty cream if you are suffering from skin problems like. One of the main concerns for women all over the world is to keep their skin fresh and adorable. rosemary, eucalyptus, lavender, lemongrass, peppermint and it's the main component (about 50-90%) of the peel oil of citrus fruits. Dove intensive lotion nourishes skin profoundly while also offering all of the good conditioning advantages of a rich cream without weight. There is no known anti-aging or positive skin benefits of the ingredient. It can be naturally found in fruits and teas but can also be made synthetically. Its not something new: it was introduced around 1950 and today it can be used up to 1% worldwide. If you check out the classic French pharmacy brands and their moisturizers for the most sensitive, allergy prone skin, they usually containmineral oil. As cosmetic chemistColins writes it, "its safety really is beyond any doubt". : preservatives like 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol, 5-Bromo-5-Nitro- 1,3-Dioxane or sodium nitrate - so look out for things with nitro, nitra in the name) that together with TEA can form some not nice carcinogenic stuff (that is called nitrosamines). Long-lasting hydration is provided by this ultra-rich formula. Just like other similar fragrance ingredients (like linalool and limonene) geraniol also oxidises on air exposure and becomes allergenic. Dove Intensive Nourishing Cream has been a part of my daily routine since I started using it to keep my skin soft & supple. It can also be used after taking bath or shower irrespective of the day/night frame. Effectively moisturizes dry skin It comes in this very cute, travel friendly, flat round container- very portable, very convenient. This product's actual name as I purchased it is "Crema Intensiva: Nutrimento per la Pelle." The unique thing about petrolatum is that it is the most effective occlusive agent known today. With a blend of natural skin nourishment, dove intensive cream is the perfect moisturizer for dry skin. It is a great emollient and moisturizer working mainly by occlusivity. Its the number one cause of contact allergy to cosmetics. No matter the origin, in small amounts (up to 1%) its a nice, gentle preservative. It smells like rose and can be found in rose oil or in small quantities in geranium, lemon and many other essential oils. Firstly, there are many different creams out there in the market that are used by several people for getting radiant skin but unfortunately, they do not satisfy their skincare needs. A type of clay mineralthatworks as a nice helper ingredient to thickenand stabilize formulas. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fattyacidmolecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It autoxidizes on air exposure and counts as a common skin sensitizer. Best to avoid if you have sensitive skin. Something went wrong. Current slide {CURRENT_SLIDE} of {TOTAL_SLIDES}- Top picked items. Makes my skin hydrated always! We don't have description for this ingredient yet. It leaves enough moisture on your skin but at the same time no lagkit feeling after applying. The study was not done with real people on real skin but still - using a good sunscreen next to MP containing productsis a good idea. It's a cheap, effective and well-tolerated ingredient tomake sure the cosmetic formula does not go wrong too soon. It's readily biodegradable. Helps to set the pH of a cosmetic formulation to be right. If you are someone who likes to know what you put on your face then fragrance is not your best friend - there's no way to know whats really in it. Also a good team player and works in synergy with other thickeners such as Cellulose Gum or Xanthan Gum. Chemically speaking, cosmetic grade mineral oil is a complex mixture ofhighly refined saturated hydrocarbons with C15-50 chain length. When it comes to nourishing dry skin, the dove intensive cream provides deep nourishment with a light touch. But to be on the safe side, if you see Triethanolamine in an INCI and also something with nitra, nitro in the name of it just skip the product, that cannot hurt. It usually has to be neutralized with a base (such as sodium hydroxide) for the thickening to occur and it creates viscous, clear gels that also feel nice and non-tacky on the skin. A common fragrance ingredient that smells like rose and can be found in rose oil. Linalool is a super common fragrance ingredient. Best to avoid if your skin is sensitive. The cons of mineral oil Also, if your skin is sensitive, fragrance is again not your best friend. Normal (well kind of - it's purified and deionized) water. The myths around mineral oil Everyone can have smooth skin that looks and feels great. The user should particularly pay attention to specific areas where he/she feels that the need for the moisturizing effect of this cream. It makes your skin feel nice and smooth (emollient), gives body to cream type products and helps to stabilize water and oilmixes (aka emulsions). It is non-greasy and contains skin-nourishing antioxidants and ingredients that prevents moisture loss on the surface of skin. https://farwaafzal33.wixsite.com/portfolio, Your email address will not be published. This cream deeply nourishes any rough or dry patch of body parts leaving your skin healthy and soft. I am a classical writer and love to work on all types of topics especially fashion, entertainment, life style and food. Has to be combined with some other nice preservatives, like potassium sorbateto be broad spectrum enough. An error has occurred. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This comes in handy healing cracked lips or severely dry skin patches, though overdoing it (i.e. The clear oily liquid that is the "cheap by-product" of refining crude oil and the one that gets a lot of heat for its poor provenance. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde, Read all the geeky details about Glycerin here >>, A natural moisturizer thats also in our skin, A super common, safe, effective and cheap molecule used for more than 50 years, Not only a simple moisturizer but knows much more: keeps the skin lipids between our skin cells in a healthy (liquid crystal) state, protects against irritation, helps to restore barrier, Effective from as low as 3% with even more benefits at higher concentrations up to 20-40% (around 10% is a good usability-effectiveness sweet spot), High-glycerin moisturizers are awesome for treating severely dry skin. It's the acronym for Butylated Hydroxy Toluene. People with dry skin should incorporate dove lotion into their daily skincare routine and give special attention to their heels, knees, knuckles elbows, and other dry skin areas of their body. Pretty much the current IT-preservative. It does not have a strong scent. I would recommend this for anyone with skin more on the drier side, because it is quite rich. Please try again later! It does not have the very best safety reputation but in general, you do not have to worry about it. It is a known fragrance allergen and as of 1st of March 2022, it has been banned in the EU due to animal studies showing a possible link to infertility (in rats - so no need to panic even if you used a product before with Butylphenyl Methylpropional). Liquid detergents are part of our everyday life, especially since we wash our clothes at least once a week. Its very alkaline. Trust us, if something is used for more than 100 years in cosmeticproducts, it hasadvantages. Its mainly a solvent for ingredients that do not like to dissolve in oils but rather in water. Home Creams & Lotions Dove Intensive Cream Review. Rich, creamy formula that helps to give you beautifully soft skin. This dual moisturizing cream also combines natural skin nutrients and essential oils to gently nourish deeper layers of your skin. Pros: I usually put this at night and it makes my skin feel so smooth. I hope after reading my Dove Intensive Cream Reviews, you will likely be convinced to use it at least once in your life. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. It's a cheap, effective and well-tolerated ingredient to make sure the cosmetic formula does not go wrong too soon. Its a common fragrance ingredient that is one of the EU 26 fragrances that has to be labelled separately (and cannot be simply included in the term fragrance/perfume on the label) because of allergen potential. Taking the best selfie isnt always the easiest thing to do. This is no coincidence. Oxidizedlimonene cancause allergic contact dermatitis and counts asa frequent skin sensitizer. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Copyright 2022, Reviews Blog All Rights Reserved. A common fragrance ingredient with a nice rose-like smell. As for cosmetics, the CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) concluded that the amount of BHT used in cosmetic products is low (usually around 0.01-0.1%), it does notpenetrate skin far enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream and it is safeto use in cosmetics. So the face of one platelet attracts the edge of the other and this builds a so-called "house of card" structuremeaning thatMagnesium Aluminum Silicate (MAS)thickens up products and helps to suspend non-solubleparticles such as color pigments or inorganic sunscreens (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide). Non-greasy formula that easily absorbs into skin, Its intensive moisturizer gives you the soft touch, Especially suitable for very dry skin areas, Reasonable consistency that is easily spreadable, It seems like a sticky massage oil rather than moisturizing cream, You cant touch skin after using it, so can be used only at night, Take a little quantity of cream on your hands palm, Massage the rich cream politely into your skin, Leave it without touching again and again. A common fragrance ingredient that smells like jasmine. If it works for you, then you may further recommend it to your fellow members, colleagues, or to any other person you care about. The famous or maybe rather infamous mineral oil. Just like mineral oil, it is also a by-product of refining crude oil, aka petroleum, and it is also a mixture ofhydrocarbons but with bigger (C18-90+) carbon chain length. (Well, in fact using a sunscreen is always a good idea. A handy white powder that magically converts a liquid into a nice gel formula. A big molecule created from repeated subunits (a polymer of acrylic acid) that magically converts a liquidinto a nice gel formula. A common multi-tasker fatty acid that works as an emollient, thickener and emulsion stabilizer. It's one of those things that help your cosmetics not to go wrong too soon, aka a preservative. You can also try vaseline intensive cream or palmers cocoa butter cream as an alternative. A very common type offeared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reasonparabens. Plenty of studies tried to examine if it's a carcinogen or not. Body Cream Nourishing 8.4 FL OZ NEW AND SEALED, item 4 Dove Intensive Cream 250 ml. Secondly, there are many complaints of different brands that the cream they provide is not up to the mark of the best quality and expire soon. Loving the scent of this cream every time! Good old water, aka H2O. While dove serves its customers with the best ingredients and customizes packaging that makes it easy to use anytime anywhere. Moisturize your skin with this luscious cream from Dove Thick body creme helps your skin retain moisture and its nongreasy formula leaves skin supple and soft without feeling sticky. Even though it is a highly controversial ingredient, the scientific consensus is that it is a safe, non-irritating and effective emollient and moisturizer working mainly by occlusivity. Mainly it is most commonly applied to the following different areas of the body: People find it using best after washing and hands. We do a Best of INCIDecoder email once a month with the most interesting products and ingredients we bump into. Dove Intensive Cream has not only done wonders on women but also is best suitable for men. A common fragrance ingredient that has a nice floral scent and also goes by the name Lilial. It keeps your skin moisturized for up to 48 hours without feeling oily and it also gets rid of patches and dead cells on your skin. But before that give it a try to check whether it suits your skin or not. You can buy the original cream online from trusted vendors either on Jumia or on Konga. This cream is amazingit's like a lighter version of Nivea Creme, which is way too thick imho. As a clay, it consists of platelets that have anegative charge on the surface (face) and a positive on the edge. item 1 Dove Intensive cream nourishing care 8.4 oz Brand New with seal, item 2 Dove Large Intensive cream nourishing care 8.4 oz Brand New (1 or 3 pack), item 3 Dove Intensive Cream 250 ml. #TryandReview. It also has a long history of safe use, as it was first used as a skincare product more than 100 years ago, in 1872to be precise. All men and women can buy it as it is within their pocket range. It is also non-comedogenic, though its pure form is very heavy and greasy so combination and oily skin typesmight want to avoid it anyway. The only thing you must care is about how to use it and when its use is most effective. Dove Intensive Cream is a good lotion for rough, flaky and dry skin. Its safe and gentle, and can be used up to 1% worldwide. It's a white pigment with great color consistency and dispersibility. It is not merely a "by-product" but rather a specifically isolated part of petroleum that is very pure and inert. Thankfully there are many online shopping sites like Amazon, which delivers it throughout the country. Great natural moisturizer and skin-identical ingredient that plays an important role in skin hydration and general skin health. It is a fragrant lotion that will nurture your skin well. Dove Intensive Cream deeply nourish my dry. No wonder, it is a very popular and common ingredient. A so-calledfatty (the good, non-drying kind of)alcohol that does all kinds of things in a skincare product: it makes your skin feel smooth and nice (emollient), helps to thicken up products and also helps water and oil to blend (emulsifier). It's the acronym for Butylated Hydroxy Toluene. It's a cheap, effective and well-tolerated ingredient to make sure the cosmetic formula does not go wrong too soon. It does so by neutralizing the metal ions in the formula (that usually get into there from water) that would otherwise cause some not so nice changes. Price is affordable I applied it on my dry skin areas and really effective. Titanium dioxide as a colorant. As for petrolatum and safety, we can write here pretty much the exact same thing as we have written at mineral oil. There is some controversy around BHT. And if you find something best for your skincare, you are very lucky. Thanks. Body Cream NEW AND SEALED, item 5 (2) Dove Intensive Cream Nourishing Care(8.4floz) Jumbo, item 6 * 6 * Dove Large Intensive Cream Nourishing Care 8.4 oz Each- New : Ships FREE, item 7 Dove Intensive Nourishment Body Cream Dove Skin Care Moisturizer 8.4 Ounces, 5.0 out of 5 stars based on 4 product ratings, 5.0 out of 5 stars based on 46 product ratings, 4.7 out of 5 stars based on 369 product ratings, 4.3 out of 5 stars based on 10 product ratings, 4.9 out of 5 stars based on 308 product ratings, 4.6 out of 5 stars based on 69 product ratings, 4.6 out of 5 stars based on 134 product ratings, 4.9 out of 5 stars based on 21 product ratings. The pros and cons of using it normally depend on the skin of the user whether it suits the users skin or not. The cream is white, More reviews, photos and discussions for Dove, Ultra Healing Daily Moisture Therapy Lotion, Body Repair restoring moisturiser for extra dry skin. Benefit from reviews posted by other members to make better choices for you and for our planet! Can be derived from coconut or palm kernel oil. This hydrating formula absorbs quickly and leaves dry skin feeling silky smooth and radiant. It cost N1750 in markets and cosmetics shops. A super common fragrance ingredient that can be found among others in lavender, ylang-ylang, bergamot or jasmine. When compared to heavy-duty plant oil, extra virgin coconut oil, the two of them were equally efficient and safe as moisturizers in treating xerosis, a skin condition connected to very dry skin. You can usually find it right in the very first spot of the ingredient list, meaning its the biggest thing out of all the stuff that makes up the product. Dove beauty cream is very well known in the market for being the fastest absorbing cream and being present at the most reasonable rates everywhere. In high amounts, it can be a skin irritant, but dont worry, its never used in high amounts. The problem with linalool is, that just like limoneneit oxidises on air exposure and becomes allergenic. Geraniol is a common fragrance ingredient. I really love this product especially when its rainy season it kept me moisturized during this time of the year. So let us see them: The pros of mineral oil The most common type offeared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reason parabens. It can be naturally found in geranium oil (about 30%) or rose oil (about 25%). Its very alkaline (you know the opposite of being very acidic): a 1% solution has a pH of around 10. Like this, the products can stay more stable over time. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Received as a gift outside Try and Review. examined this very question and guess what happened? Citronellol is a very common fragrance ingredient with a nice rose-like odor. It's in many plants, e.g. Your email address will not be published. The downside of it is that it oxidises on air exposure and might become allergenic. As a clay, it consists of platelets that have anegative charge on the surface (face) and a positive on the edge. Another remarkable property of this cream is that it is easily available throughout the markets at the most reasonable rates. A real oldie but a goodie. Despite of having sensitive skin the product suit me very well I didn't get irritation, even some of my relatives with disame type of skin and some are worst than mine it really helped them. ", Another super common myth surrounding mineral oil is that it is comedogenic. Persons who are skin sensitive always pick something hydrating or deep moisturizing to remove dryness. When it comes to skincare needs, moisturizing is the most basic essential and Dove Intensive Cream fulfils this need. It is made up of 30 to 50 chemicals on average. Pump out some amount of the lotion on your palm and gently massage it all over your body until it is all completely absorbed into your skin. The other thing that mineral oil is really good at is being non-irritating to the skin. It also occurs naturally in our body and is used as a food additive. Not penetrating the skin but mostly just sitting on top of it and not containing biologically active components, like nice fatty acids and vitamins meanthat mineral oil does not "nourish" the skin in the way plant oils do. This product leaves enough moisture on my skin. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Crusader Soap Review: What Nobody Is Telling You, 55H+ Paris Review: Read This Before You Buy It, 10 Best Daily Moisturizer For All Skin Types, 10 Best Dark Knuckles Cream That Really Works. View cart for details. In a 2001 worldwide study with 178 people with known sensitization to fragrances citronellol tested positive in 5.6% of the cases. This moisturizer is so perfect for dry and sensitive skin. Waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. But lets assume a bad combination of ingredients were used and the nitrosamines formed. As with all fragrance ingredients, citronellol can also cause allergic contact dermatitis and should be avoided if you have perfume allergy. I hope you would get something better after reading my posts. The famous Vaseline orPetroleum Jelly. It is available in different packaging quantities like 75ml, 150ml, 250ml, etc. MakeupAlley is a registered trademark of MUA, Inc. The study concluded that "based on the animal and human data reported, along with the AAD recommendation, it would appear reasonable to conclude that mineral oil is noncomedogenic in humans.". I picked it up at a grocery store in Florence when I ran out of my favorite Aveda. Apart from the general controversy around parabens (we wrote about it more here), there is a 2006 in-vitro (made in the lab not on real people) research about methylparaben (MP) sho. Best to avoid if your skin is sensitive. The famous Vaseline orPetroleum Jelly. :( Even in that case you are probably fine because as far as we know it cannot penetrate the skin. Usually the main solvent in cosmetic products. Apart from the general controversy around parabens (we wrote about it more here), there is a 2006 in-vitro (made in the lab not on real people) research about methylparaben (MP) showing that when exposed to sunlight, MP treated skin cells suffered more harm than non-MPtreated skin cells. It can be naturally found in fruits and teas but can also be made synthetically. Overall, it is the gold-standard occlusive agent known today and a tub of Vaseline comes in handy in any household to heal cracked lips or other severely dry skin patches. Dove Intensive Cream Nourishing Care is quite simple to use. What is true is that if a product contains so-called N-nitrogenating agents (e.g. A fatty (the good, non-drying kind of)alcohol that makes your skin feel smooth and nice (emollient), helps to thicken up products and also helps water and oil to blend (emulsifier). Sometimes, it becomes a tough task to find the right brand for you. Super common little helper ingredient thathelps products to remain nice and stable for a longer time. The pros of mineral oilcan be interpreted as cons if we look at them from another perspective. Its part of 200 natural oils including lavender, ylang-ylang, bergamot, jasmine, geranium and it can be found in 90-95% of prestige perfumes on the market. What is more, in terms of the general health effects of mineral oils used in cosmetics, a 2017study reviewed the data on their skin penetration and concluded that "the cosmetic use of mineral oils and waxes does not present a risk to consumers due to a lack of systemic exposure. Dove Cream is best used after a bath or shower, morning or night (or both). It is one of the EU 26 fragrances that has to be labelled separately because of allergen potential. It's not a new ingredient, it has been used both as a food and cosmetics additive since the 1970s. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The generic term for nice smelling stuff put into cosmetic products so that the end product also smells nice. As a regular user of Dove products like creams, soaps, shampoos,I have always been a great admirer of Dove because all of them are reliable and prove very beneficial for me.. Its in our products to make it smell nice. The same is the case for Dove Intensive Cream Nourishing Care. Thats why a product containing linalool that has been opened for several months is more likely to be allergenic than a fresh one. Due to its fast-absorbing characteristic feature, Dove Intensive Cream is admired to convey effective results in a very little time frame. While it is true that industrial grade mineral oil contains carcinogenic components (so-calledpolycyclic compounds), these are completely removed from cosmetic and food grade mineral oil and there is no scientific data showing that the pure, cosmetic grade version is carcinogenic. It is as light as air and moisturizes your skin while maintaining and conditioning it. Its safe and gentle, but even more importantly, its not a feared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reason paraben. For dry and super-sensitive skin types it is a great option. It has no side effects at all like other. It does smellnice but the problemis that it oxidizes on air exposure and the resulting stuff is not good for the skin. Just like mineral oil, it is also a by-product of refining crude oil, aka petroleum, and it is also a mixture ofhydrocarbons but with bigger (C18-90+) carbon chain length.The unique thing about petrolatum is that it is the most effective occlusive agent known today. One more thing: the water used in cosmetics is purified and deionized (it means that almost all of the mineral ions inside it is removed). In addition to that, this cream is extra productive because it softens, smoothens, and intensively moisturizes the dry and stressed parts of the body reliably. Keratin Repair 1 Minute Serum Conditioner. Dove Intensive Cream Nourishing Care. Every influencer needs to know how to take a great s Sign up to our newsletter, to be informed of our upcoming tests. For example, on occasions like. It quickly absorbs on my skin without heavy feeling. I personally used Dove Intensive Cream and found it great. All in all, limonene has some pros and cons, but - especially if your skin is sensitive -the cons probably outweigh the pros. MAS also gives nicesensory properties, it is not tacky or sticky and gives a rich, creamy skin feel. A common multi-tasker fatty acid. A type of clay mineralthatworks as a nice helper ingredient to thickenand stabilize formulas. Get notified when a new product test is launched, Get access to exclusive product testing opportunities. It's one of those things that help your cosmetics not to go wrong too soon, aka a preservative. Typically used at 1% or less in most formulations. There is no evidence whatsoever that cosmetic, USP grade petrolatum is carcinogenic. The chemical composition of plant oils is more complex with many more possible allergens or irritatingcomponents, while mineral oil is simple, pureand sensitivity to it is extremely rare. In the UK, its actually the third most often listed perfume on the ingredient lists. A supercommon and cheap fragrance ingredient. Women can also take this with them in their handbags at different events. Readily available for purchase from the market Moreover, it grants real absorption results on the skin without leaving any oily residues.

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