Imazaquin inhibits the acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) enzyme accountable for synthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. [4] They vary in the attached ring structure. 0000002515 00000 n
Adsorption is greatest at a pH nearest the pKa of the carboxylic group of imazaquin. When applied, imazaquin halts weed growth which eventually kills the weed or causes the weed to die due to its incapability to compete with surrounding vegetation. 0000002745 00000 n
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Imazaquin, imazapyr, imazapic, and imazethpyr followed suit and received patents in 1989. 0000058847 00000 n
It was found that the rate at which imazaquin aggregates on soil humic acids was most affected by the environmental pH. [14], Imazaquin is a non-volatile chemical leading to limited movement into soil that eventually breaks down within 46 months. The greater the coefficient, the higher the sorption potential. Imazaquin has a sorption coefficient of 20.[9]. [13], A study conducted by Cornell University showed that imazaquin ingested by humans and animals was excreted within 48 hours, 94% through urine and 4% through feces. [14], 3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-, O=C(O)c2c(nc1ccccc1c2)/C3=N/C(C(=O)N3)(C(C)C)C, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, "3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]", "Multiple mechanisms are involved in new imazamox-resistant varieties of durum and soft wheat", "OSU Extension Pesticide Properties Database", "Herbicide-binding sites revealed in the structure of plant acetohydroxyacid synthase", "Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment Progress and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Imazaquin", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imazaquin&oldid=1092071968, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 219 to 222C (426 to 432F; 492 to 495K). 0000058974 00000 n
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Although exposure to residential areas affects infants and children, there is no concern over its presence due to its low estimated aggregated risk which meets the FQPA safety standards. 0000014904 00000 n
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Imazaquin is a relatively nontoxic, non-carcinogenic chemical causing none to minimal eye and skin irritation if contacted upon the dermis, ingested orally, or inhaled. Imazamox, the last of the six, received its U.S. patent in 1994. AHAS is the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid pathway that leads to the synthesis of amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. 0000023276 00000 n
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It is therefore categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide. Chronic toxicity studies were also conducted upon rabbits, rats, and beagle dogs. 0000004738 00000 n
It is a colorless or white solid, although commercial samples can appear brown or tan. At pH 3 and 5, it is stable to hydrolysis. }vr`U<3W j|^G_9j4Jb.Vk-IW*6Y
y\uu\Lk*n`C ]cTn/^k;lGF_0){b0nnb\AYIT! "7J?sc0[ZtIid d`5H3C. Imidazolinone herbicides kill plants by inhibiting acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS). 0000022810 00000 n
The reaction starts with the NH2 group of the benzenamine adding to the second carbonyl group on diethyl 2-oxobutanedioate (diethyl oxaloacetate). [11] It is classified as an imidazolinone herbicide that controls weed growth through the inhibition of specific amino acids that prove to be vital for plant growth. Imazaquin is also nontoxic to birds and fish when properly used. 0000001548 00000 n
Inhalation, dermal, and oral exposure to imazaquin yielded relatively low Margin of Exposure values issued by the EPA deeming imazaquin as a minimal risk concern. 0000017180 00000 n
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Chronic dermal exposure to imazaquin in rabbits during a 21-day time period yielded no effects upon the rabbits. 0000006525 00000 n
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A 90-day and one-year study of ingestion of imazaquin in rats also yielded no effects as well. 0000015100 00000 n
[7], The imidazolinone herbicides were first discovered in the 1970s. 0000009692 00000 n
Imazaquin tested negative for mutagen effects, organ toxicity, and reproductive effects. [10], The sorption coefficient is a means of specifying a pesticide's tendency to bind to soil particles. As for its breakdown in surface water, imazaquin has a hydrolytic half-life of 5.5 months at pH 9. Due to the fact that it is highly effective and selective, it is one of the most commonly used herbicides. 0000023424 00000 n
[9], When imazaquin is applied to crops its main interaction is with soil humic acids. 0000023345 00000 n
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Imazaquin is an imidazolinone herbicide, so named because it contains an imidazolinone core. This page was last edited on 8 June 2022, at 01:35. When present in soil, imazaquin is absorbed through the roots of plants where the chemical is either metabolized quickly with no effects or slowly metabolized or not metabolized at all which eventually will lead to the death of the plant. Years later, the molecule was found to exhibit herbicidal activity. A derivative of phthalimide showed promise when it exhibited some plant growth inhibition. The LD50 for dogs, rats, rabbits, and female mice were each 1000mg/kg, 5000mg/kg, 2000mg/kg, and 2363mg/kg, respectively. 0000044888 00000 n
At higher pHs, the hydrogen bonds and charge-transfer complexes that form during adsorption interactions are much weaker at higher pHs. May be harmful if swallowed. A higher sorption coefficient means more hindrance of movement and possibly an increase in persistence as a result of protection from degradation. Further exploration resulted in the formation of the first imidazolinone herbicide. It has a toxicity classification of III, which corresponds to only a slight toxicity. 0000058395 00000 n
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Optimization ensued and the attempt to enable the production of field trial samples led to the formation of a tricyclic compound. The connection to AHAS was not understood at the time. [6] (6b)W#pFAW6t
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[4], The imidazolinone herbicides were discovered at American Cyanamid's Medical Division during the 1950s, starting from the initial lead molecule phthalimide. 0000002116 00000 n
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Q.@,$mf`bd The chemical breaks down microbially and is slowly reduced to carbon dioxide and metabolites. [8], Imazaquin has a water solubility of 60mg/L[9] and its half-life in soil is 60 days. 0000010315 00000 n
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However, in the one year, dietary chronic imazaquin exposure to beagle dogs, the dogs exposed to the highest dose of imazaquin per day, 5000 ppm, experienced effects such as decreased body weight gain, skeletal myopathy, slight anemia, bone marrow hyperplasia, increased blood levels of SGOT, DSGPT and CPK, and increased liver weight. Imazaquin is primarily used as a herbicide to control weed growth on lawns and turf fields. Imazaquin has shown greater adsorption at lower pHs. The first U.S. patent was awarded in 1980 for imazamethabenz-methyl. Imazaquin along with imazamethabenz-methyl, imazapyr, imazapic, imazethapyr, and imazamox comprise the class of synthetic compounds termed the imidazolinone herbicides. 0000002579 00000 n
This organic compound is used to control a broad spectrum of weed species. trailer
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It is a relatively low toxicity pesticide that has the potential to find its way into food, drinking water, and residential areas. [5] Crop varieties have been developed through conventional breeding that are resistant to these herbicides and are marketed by BASF under the Clearfield brand. These chemicals all feature an imidazolinone ring with a carboxylic acid group attached to the backbone. Imazaquin may be applied pre-plant incorporated, pre-plant surface, pre-emergence, or early post-emergence.[12]. The same reaction was performed on the original phthalimide, resulting in a compound that exhibited broad-spectrum herbicidal activity. 31 0 obj
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