Experimentally, SARS-CoV-2 could survive for more than 2 days on inoculated stainless steel, plastic, ceramics, glass, wood, surgical masks, paper, cotton, and latex gloves (Liu et al. 2020). In the western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Madinah cities), it was indicated that almost all SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs among the households within the indoor environment (Habeebullah et al. 9o] OmD 7ss/6S}. Boosting regulations-legislation reliefs regarding environmental management systems (ISO14001-EMAS) in the framework of BRAVER Case study of Cyprus. The Das AK, Islam MN, Billah MM, Sarker A. COVID-19 and municipal solid waste (MSW) management: a review. In indoor environmental conditions (at room temperature, 24C), SARS-CoV-2 may persist for hours to days on different kinds of contaminated surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, or nitrile glove). DHS Science and Technology Directorate (2020) Master question list for COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) Weekly Report 25 March 2020. Available online: MoH (Saudi Ministry of Health) (2020) Periodic reports and guidelines for facing COVID-19 pandemic. 0000003388 00000 n
Strategy development in the framework of waste management aims to increase quality of life and should reduce the impact of several processes on the surrounding environment (Zorpas 2020). Plastic waste associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: crisis or opportunity? The MSW management was affected directly by the routine human activities during the COVID-19 pandemic (Tripathi et al. MSW was sampled and characterized in different locations in Makkah city during the month of July 2020 (during pandemic and lockdown), for a total of 8 samples (the number of samples was limited due to the pandemic circumstances and lockdown in Makkah). It can stay for up to 7 days on surgical mask surfaces at 22C and 65% RH (Chin et al. Impact of the lockdown and curfew on the generation of MSW in Makkah was discussed with special reference to the handling of COVID-19 protective tools. Such a guidance plan may play a great role in controlling the pandemic. The management of MSW has reported multiple challenges, such as the potential risk of virus spread, under the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, including handling, collection, transportation, and disposal. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, Loizia P, Chroni C. Household waste compositional analysis variation from insular communities in the framework of waste prevention strategy plans. The generated MSW from quarantine sites (households and hotels), except for that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 capacity); the specific bulky MSW and that generated from gardens should be collected based on demand, in order to minimize the movements of compactor vehicles on the streets and, consequently, to minimize the potential of infection by COVID-19. The aerosol survival of related human coronaviruses is relatively high. Mazzanti M, Zoboli R. Waste generation, waste disposal and policy effectiveness: evidence on decoupling from the European Union. The key concerns for MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic are the long half-life of SARS-CoV-2 on waste containers and plastic bags resulting in the potential risk of disease spreading through contaminated waste surfaces (Nghiem et al. The present study reviews MSW management practices in the pre-pandemic conditions of Makkah, as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, a specific guidance plan for MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic was developed, aimed at handlers, pickers, collection, transportation, transfer stations, and MSW disposal. 2021; Yousefi et al. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2020) Guidance on preparing workplaces for COVID-19. Lai MY, Cheng PK, Lim WW. Impact of outdoor and indoor meteorological conditions on the COVID-19 transmission in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Available online: Mol MPG, Caldas S. Can the human coronavirus epidemic also spread through solid waste? In addition, the paper presents a practical e-waste management approaches and concepts; like Value-Belief Norm and Extended Producer Responsibility might be implemented and used in tomorrow's Saudi. 2020). 0000002585 00000 n
Waste management planning requires reliable information about waste generation and its affecting factors as well as forecasts of waste quantities based on evidences (Mazzanti and Zoboli 2008). Improvement of coastal environment was detected during COVID-19 lockdown according to the applied KPIs such as waste accumulation index (WAI) and waste accumulation rate (WAR) (Loizia et al. Kulkarni NB, Anantharama V. Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste management: challenges and opportunities. Reducing the presence of beneficiaries in government departments. 0000025184 00000 n
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a major environmental impact, having direct impacts on enhancing the air quality levels around the world due to minimizing the traffic activities during the lockdown, and on the operational tasks of MSW management (ISWA 2020). Available online: MDSDLS (Ministere Des Solidarites Et De La Sante) (2020) Contact-COVID et SI-DEP, les outils numriques du dpistage COVID-19, France. %PDF-1.6
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Implementation of control measures in Makkah has led to a change of lifestyle, which resulted in a physical change of the MSW constitution in Makkah, with the following average rates: organic matter, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1%. Before xref
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The study made suggestions regarding educational interaction and raising public knowledge concerning e-waste, and it presented a practical e-waste management approach and concept. These control measures impacted the MSW generation, characterization, and management, with a significant increase in medical wastes. 2021b).
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This leads to pickers collecting such infectious substrates and mixing them with MSW. 631 0 obj
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Klemes JJ, Fan YV, Tan RR, Jiang P. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. 2021). MoM (Saudi Ministry of Media) (2020) KSA faces COVID-19; A report summarizing the governments efforts in combating the spread of the COVID-19. The elements that can affect the management of MSW during COVID-19 and future pandemics can be summarized as follows: the pickers of MSW (i.e., MSW handlers), plastic bins, metallic containers, specific vehicles, transfer stations, compactor vehicles, and disposal (see Figure Figure8).8). 0000029383 00000 n
The efficient SW management strategy results in great advantages for the waste management guidelines (strategy) and eco-friendly waste management practices including a minimized environmental footprint, enhanced relations with stakeholders, minimized liabilities and environmental risk, and health and safety benefits (Ball and Taleb 2010; Loizia et al. National Library of Medicine 611 0 obj
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The aim of this study is to evaluate household awareness of e-waste, environmental problems associated with improper disposal, and willingness to engage in managing e-waste. Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as the waste compositional analysis, waste recycling and waste accumulation index, prevention activities, and awareness activities were used to measure the environmental performance level in an area, in the framework of waste strategy development (Loizia et al. Khan S, Alghafari Y. The MSW should be collected on a fastfrequent periodical basis, due to the dominant humid and hot weather conditions in Makkah (Khan and Alghafari. 0000061677 00000 n
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The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Temperature, precipitation and relative humidity fluctuation of Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1985-2016). 0000005569 00000 n
There is a high potential risk of the COVID-19 spreading through the contaminated SW surfaces (Nghiem et al. The suggested specific guidance plans for MSW management during COVID-19 in Makkah can be summarized in the following points: The implementation of control measures, such as the lockdown of citizens, suspending Umrah, performing Hajj with a very limited number of pilgrims, and closing hotels and commercial centers, changed the lifestyle of citizens and, thus, the MSW constitution in Makkah. First Edition April. 0000010079 00000 n
2020), which indicated that COVID-19 could remain on different surfaces for different periods of time, summarized as follows: 3 h in aerosols, 72 h on plastics, 48 h on steel surfaces, 4 h on copper, and 24 h on cardboard. 0000065113 00000 n
A royal order imposing a curfew from 7 pm until 6 am for 21 days, Preventing the residents of the regions from leaving their areas. This culminated in the enactment of the national environment strategy, formalized by the national plan to confront natural disasters, and the establishment of the Saudi Health Council, in order to ensure better health and to reduce the rates of diseases, disability, pandemics, and death, in addition to coordination and integration between health authorities and others to ensure a distinguished public health level. Smart Waste Report European Union (2020) COVID-19 and municipal waste management 2020. 0000001136 00000 n
EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs and Agency (2020) Regulation of municipal solid and medical waste during the pandemic of COVID-19. MSW samples were collected on a daily basis in households, sorted in situ according to the major categories, and weighed and averaged from a total of 8 households of central districts in Makkah city during a week period. The findings of the current study revealed that the hierarchical system of MSW was modified under the pandemic conditions, where organic and plastic components were increased, and paper/cardboard and glass components were decreased as well as the high potential risk of COVID-19 during MSW handling collection, transportation, and disposal. Due to the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 surviving on PPE waste and human skin for few days, a deep investigation into the MSW management system in Makkah was clarified in order to determine the critical points that can lead to the virus spread, starting from the handling task, passing through collection, transportation, and the transfer station, and ending at the disposal sites. 2020; Luca et al. For commercial centers handling mixed waste (masks, gloves, tissues, and disposable cloths collected with MSW), the bins must have a pedal, two or more sealed bags should be used, and recyclables and biowaste should be combined with mixed waste. EPA530-d-02-002, August 2002. ?19:ko3L&no&0?|{ 6LOv160@Sp}/{Ln{h?1Z|0~ha#e>{7q.=]x=o|Cpf]@kS}ro I=ty=a fz86wYof(=uI\yr\EG tMA;XT7:|HCw(``'^u8rjs rr0_}P1aF Media Reports, 2020.
Finally, the practices of MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Makkah were suggested. 2020). Loizia P, Voukkali I, Zorpas AA. Saadat S, Rawtani D, Mustansar C. Environmental perspective of COVID-19. 2003). d2@ AR
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<. The spread of COVID-19 infection increased and, as a result, severe concerns were concluded in several scientific references (Warnes et al. The potential of infection by the virus through MSW calls for the development of alternative and specific guidance plans, as well as for the updating of policies and guidelines for municipal solid waste management (MSWM), considering MSW workers, handling, collection, transportation, and disposal of the MSW mixed with PPE (e.g., gloves and face masks) during the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics, to ensure the safe management of MSW and to minimize the related infection risks. Liu Y, Li T, Deng Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Li H, Wang X, Jia L, Han J, Bei Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Li J. 2015; Kampf et al. 0000097437 00000 n
Increasing temperature and relative humidity accelerates inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. The COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector. To control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor environments, a specific guidance plan for the management of MSW in Makkah should be obeyed, to face the significant challenges for MSW related to the persistence of COVID-19 on different materials. 2020), in addition to, the potential risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection which may result from the contaminated waste surfaces (Nghiem et al. The lockdown of the residents of Makkah during the COVID-19 pandemic has had a direct impact on their lifestyles, in terms of suspension of Umrah, schools, workplaces in all government agencies, sports activities, and gyms. The mismanagement of municipal solid waste during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to many environmental and health problems, especially in the outdoor environment, such as viral environmental contamination and facilitating disease transmission. Survival characteristics of airborne human coronavirus 229E. Global lockdowns were implemented, to reduce the public SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (Saadat et al. 2020). 1587 0 obj
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Selected representative households were planned to, emptied plastic bag every morning, and sorted in situ due to the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. In addition, specific and alternative guidance plans for the potential critical points of the infection were suggested to protect public health during the pandemic. Strategy development in the framework of waste management. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. In Saudi Arabia, the COVID-19 pandemic is part of the worldwide pandemic. %PDF-1.6
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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. Curfew is imposed throughout all cities of Makkah and Madinah for a period of 24 h a day, until further notice. startxref
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2020). Municipal solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: effects and repercussions. Critical points of MSW management before and during COVID-19 pandemic (under pandemic conditions: strict precautions during collection, transportation, ecovery, disposal, and suspend recycling). Periodical cleaning and disinfection of the compactor vehicles should be applied continually in Makkah, to minimize the suitable media for growth and multiplication of all pathogens through the uncleaned MSW compactors. Klemes et al.
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<. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Previous studies have suggested that other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV, can survive on non-porous surfaces for up to 910 days (Casanova et al. All MSW samples weighed in a range of 412 Kg, based on waste management characterization guidance (EPA 2002).
From the all above reviews, the problem can be formalized by the mixing of medical waste that may be generated from COVID-19-infected citizens with non-infected MSW; the risk is associated with the handling, collection, transportation, and disposal of these mixed MSW as a pure MSW, which may lead to the spread of COVID-19 infection.
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