81. For the most common construction tasks that generate high exposures to RCS, OSHA has provided a table of controls that an employer must fully and properly implement to maintain the exposure limits enforced - Table 1 Specified Exposure Control Methods When Working With Materials Containing Crystalline Silica of the silica standard. The task or activity itself - which materials are used with which tools, The work area - is it in an enclosed space or outside, The frequency of doing the task over a period of time, Choose materials that are silica-free or have a low amount of silica content eg. To get scientific about it silica is a chemical compound formed from silicon and oxygen atoms. Anemia in Bangladesh: a longstanding, preventable public health problem. J Am Sci. Dihydrotanshinone I alleviates crystalline silica-induced pulmonary inflammation by regulation of the Th immune response and inhibition of STAT1/STAT3. As it is 100 times smaller than a grain of sand, you can be breathing it in without knowing. Silicosis is an incurable and irreversible lung disease that results from the inhalation of silica dust which inflames and scars the lungs causing shortness of breath, coughing, and over time it can be a potentially fatal condition resulting in death. Multivariate Regression analysis producing Odds Ratio was performed to assess the association between the total count of WBC with the duration of cement dust exposure. Washington, DC, USA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration; 2012. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Figure 2 Box plot of systolic blood pressure in both groups (N=92). Additional silica dust safety best practices include: Knowing which materials contain silica will help you avoid inhaling the dust when working with it. Questions about personal history: a history of smoking, alcohol intake, drug history, family history, medical history, and duration of cement dust exposure (applicable for cement dust-exposed subjects) were included in the second segment. Accessed March 17, 2021. Accessed February 2, 2018. Physiology Department of Dhaka Medical College located in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. use metallic shot, slag products, or grit for abrasive blasting rather than sand, Damp down dust aka wet dust suppression - this can be via a fitted water attachment or using water sprays to suppress the dust, Fit large machinery/ vehicles with cabs that have an effective air filtering system, In addition to other controls use respiratory protective equipment (RPE), Air monitoring - to make sure that the levels are below the maximum limits enforced within the country or state. 3rd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT); 2017; Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineering(IEEE); Fulbarigate, Khulna 9203 Bangladesh. The study subjects (Group A) age 2050 years, who have been occupationally exposed to cement dust for two years and longer were selected from a cement manufacturing plant in Munshiganj, near Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Inflammatory changes brought about by the toxic effects of cement dust may result in the deterioration of human health due to organ damage. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.155.160. COPD prevalence in exposed was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in control. Heidelberg Cement. 2012;344:e454. You may also accidentally inhale such dust by breathing in the material when opening a bag. Because of these dangers, it's important that you use dust extraction as well as respiratory protection when working with such materials. During the adaptive immune response to Crystalline silica-containing dust, CD4+ T cells such as T-helper 1, T-helper 2, T-helper 17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells play an essential part in the development of pulmonary inflammation.69 T-helper 17 subsets of lymphocyte secrete Interleukin 17 that is proinflammatory in nature.70, The increase in eosinophil count was statistically significant in this study due to the inflammatory response triggered by particulate exposure, causing eosinophil accumulation.71 The immune response to dust particles in the lungs induces antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE release utilizing DAMPs and cytotoxic chemicals like aluminum oxide.62,72,73 This, in turn, may result in an allergic response in the body.72, Cement Sustainability Initiative, consisting of 24 cement manufacturers operating worldwide in over 100 countries, has agreed upon and implemented health management practices that include monitoring and controlling of toxic agents exposure risk at work and proper execution of health inspection. Effect of cement dust on reproductive performance and some physiological parameters in albino rats. Gudkov AV, Komarova EA. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro and in rat lungs. 26. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Mahmuda Abira, Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, for her kind effort and time regarding statistical analysis and interpretation. It can help to detect loss in lung function before permanent damage. 2019 MINI COOPER S COUNTRYMAN SIGNATURE in Edmond, OK Mini Cooper Countryman Features and Specs. Regression formulae for predicting hematologic and liver functions from years of exposure to cement dust in cement factory workers in Sokoto, Nigeria. Toxicological profile for chromium. It was concluded that cement plant workers had significantly reduced lung function and impairment was more pronounced in subjects exposed to the dust for a more extended period.42, Research work was performed in Sokoto, Nigeria, with 56 cement mill workers having a mean of 10.2 5.6 years of cement dust exposure and 96 subjects unexposed to the dust in 2007. Accessed February 14, 2018. If possible, wear disposable clothing at work. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3401-4, 46. 45. 8. 49. Univariate Regression analysis producing Odds Ratio was done to commemorate the association of the total WBC count between cement dust-exposed recruits and those not exposed to the cement dust. Group B: healthy cement dust unexposed recruits (control). The lung function parameters were observed and analyzed. Festools passion for high-performance power tools has continued for more than 90 years.Specifically designed for professional trades, Festool power tool systems provide solutions to the most challenging applications, helping you get the job done faster, easier and better. The study group from the cement manufacturing plant included participants in the sections with most cement dust in their surroundings, such as bagging, loading, milling, and crushing.51 Coding was done to keep the respondents personal information anonymous. Multivariate analysis was done to observe this association. Gupta RK, Majumdar D, Trivedi JV, Bhanarkar AD. None of the study recruits were alcohol consumers. Leukocytosis in the peripheral blood is a cellular marker of inflammation and ongoing tissue inflammation. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. 17. When inhaled, wood dust may cause irritation and can lead to diminished lung capacity. Estokova A, Palascakova L, Kanuchova M. Study on Cr(VI) leaching from cement and cement composites. Each part of the project focuses on a different aspect, mechanism of effect, and outcome of cement dust exposure on human health. Register your specific details and specific drugs of interest and we will match the information you provide to articles from our extensive database and email PDF copies to you promptly. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) under statistics and information division Ministry of Planning; 2018. 2018;2018:111. In the cement and lime manufacturing industry, this guideline includes methods to control and prevent dust exposure by avoiding the buildup of dust through vacuuming, usage of elevators with control of dust emission, usage of dust recycling and extraction system, usage of suction of air in area for bagging cement, use of proper mask, respirators.78. J Toxicol. 2017;1(1):3135. Chronic exposure to crystalline silica may result in lung cancer and kidney damage.1618. Cancer Council recommends consumers discontinue using Cancer Council Sensitive Sunscreen SPF50+ 110ml batch number 1103178 and Cancer Council Sensitive Sunscreen SPF50+ 200ml batch number 1099751. 2017;2:17023. doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23, 34. Erhabor O, Kebbe BI, Isaac IZ, et al. [Group A = Study Population, Group B = Control Group, of 46 subjects for each group]. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Make sure your crew knows of the health risks associated with silica dust, which materials contain silica, and what type of work is more likely to create a risk of exposure. As well as wearing necessary safety equipment, and taking care to control dust exposure in the nearby environment, you must also consider tools and dust extraction systems that minimise dust created in the first place and capture and remove the dust that is generated. If suitable control measures are not in place, anyone working around silica dust has an increased risk of developing lung cancer. Med Inflam. As well as lung cancer, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Use water spray or rubber curtains around conveyor transfer points., No RPE can prevent all silica dust from being breathed in and should be used in combination with other controls. Manjula R, Parveena R, Rashmi RC, Ghattargi CH, Dorle AS, Lalitha DH. Are you doing enough? Both the employers and the employees must fully understand what they are working with and what risks are involved. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a026161, 31. Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in Inflammation. Figure 7 Box plot of BMI in both groups (N=92). Report on labor force survey (LFS) 201617. Euro Sci J. Flora MS, Islam MS. In order to provide our website visitors and registered users with a service tailored to their individual preferences we use cookies to analyse visitor traffic and personalise content. The control group was matched with the study group regarding weight, height, age, social and economic conditions. Available from: https://www.ima-europe.eu/eu-policy/product-stewardship/respirable-crystallinesilica#:~:text=Crystalline%20silica%20is%20one%20of,found%20in%20nature%20as%20sand. Therefore, observing changes in these inflammatory markers can be an inexpensive way of early detection and protection of the lives of many underprivileged workers. The ante-cubital vein was located, and 3 mL of blood was drawn from the blood and then transferred to an EDTA anticoagulant containing test tube to determe total WBC count and its' differentials. Front Immunol. 1. Fox P, Hudson M, Brown C, et al. It was found that cough on most days and cough in the morning for as long as three months per year was higher in significance (p=0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively) in the group exposed to the dust than o the group less exposed. 21. The period of contact with this toxic dust has an impact on WBC count.Keywords: cement dust, occupational health, inflammatory response, hazard, workers, exposure, WBC count, biomarkers, Bangladesh, pollution, hematological system, early detection, The cement industry is a fast-growing globally, and in Bangladesh.1 There has been a boost in the developing market due to sustained construction activity levels, which has led to increased demand for cement.13 The cement industry is a source of environmental pollution.4 In the various stages of cement production, dust and particulate matter are released.5,6 Occupational exposures to airborne particulates are estimated to cause 16% of deaths per year throughout the world due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Figure 1 Dust emission during the different steps of cement dust production. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Privacy&Security| The rest of the recruits in both groups had no formal education. The total WBC count value was higher in significance for occupationally cement dust exposed recruits for more than five years.51 On the contrary, Okonkwo et al found the total WBC count decreased with exposure to cement dust.59 Such disparity may be due to variation in race and differences in the number of subjects taken. Effect of occupational cement dust pollution on the respiratory epithelium in Amran cement factory-Yemen. Cement Manufacturers Association. doi:10.2478/abc-2014-0001, 32. Group B: healthy cement dust unexposed recruits (control). Group A: cement dust-exposed recruits. 2014;4(1):8894. Visit Safety Matters to read tips to help you protect your crew. doi:10.9790/2402-09130508. Occupational health & safety policy. Eastern Bank Limited Securities Limited. http://www.youtube.com/FergusonEnterprises, https://www.houzz.com/pro/fergusonshowrooms/ferguson-bath-kitchen-lighting-gallery, View All Janitorial & Cleaning Supplies >>, Drinking Fountains & Bottle Filling Stations, 4 Tips to Minimize the Dangers of Dust Inhalation. CAPrivacyRights| 2014;4:123. Multidiscip Respir Med. Occup Environ Med. Health effects of chromium and its concentrations in cereal foods together with sulfur. Whereas in the current paper of the project, a more detailed data analysis and presentation has been done, which includes Independent samples t-test, chi-square test, Pearsons correlation (r) test, Univariate Regression analysis producing Odds Ratio and Multivariate Regression analysis producing Odds Ratio and data has been presented as Frequency, Percentage, Mean with standard deviation, Box Plot, Scatter Diagram, and Bar Diagram. Armonk, NY; IBM Corp]. 2020. 82. Accessed March 17, 2021. In comparison, in the control group, 6 (13%),5 (10.9%), and 1 (2.2%) reported a family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and bronchial asthma, respectively (Table 4). Associations & Partners They also have various campaigns such as Mate in Mind(UK), Safe Cement Campaign, Cycle Safe to create awareness among cement industry workers and the general population about health and safety at the workplace.76, An International Cement company based in Heidelberg, Germany, ensures proper usage of Personal Protective gear, including a Safety Helmet, boots, and protection for the eye. Such transcription factors stimulate the inflammatory response and tissue damage (Figure 12).67,68. Silicosis and silica-induced autoimmunity in the diversity outbred mouse. Toxicol Sci. 2022 Accessed March 12, 2021. 25. 70. r = +0.872, p = <0.001*** [cement exposed group 6 years and onward were highly significantly positive (p = <0.001) with changes regarding WBC]. Zeleke ZK, Moen BE, Brtveit M. Cement dust exposure and acute lung function: a cross shift study. Emmanuel TF, Ibiam UA, Okaka ANC, Alabi OJ. Silica dust can also be found in the following products: When these materials are worked on, silica is released as a fine dust known as respirable crystalline silica or silica dust. These materials are the fundamental building blocks used to make building and landscaping materials such as bricks, tiles, roof slate, concrete, glass, ceramics and some plastic composites. 51. Liu T, Zhang L, Joo D, Sun SC. 2014;3(8):6672. This includes expert testimony, honoraria, stocks or options ownership, employment, royalties, grants, or patents received or pending. Accessed March 8, 2021. Available from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/76884/47908-014-mon-eia.pdf. Group A: cement dust-exposed recruits. It is recommended that you allow all cookies. Mudaliar H, Pollock C, Komala MG, Chadban S, Wu H, Panchapakesan U. By standard/1910.134 App C OSHA respirator medical evaluation questionnaire (mandatory). 80. The OSHA dust extraction equipment requirements vary based on the length of the work shift. In the present study, significantly higher mean WBC, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts (p<0.05) were noted in cement dust-exposed subjects than that of non-exposed individuals. Markers of systemic inflammation predict survival in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. The statistically significant increase in the total count of WBCs and differential count of lymphocytes observed in this study may be due to the Chronic inflammation taking place in the lungs upon repeated exposure to this dust containing heavy metals like Crystalline silica-alumina.62 The innate immune response begins upon crystalline silica exposure with proinflammatory cytokine, which causes infiltration of inflammatory cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes.63 When crystalline silica, alumina is engulfed by Alveolar Macrophage, reactive oxygen species are released from mitochondria, and phagolysosomal membrane lipid peroxidation occurs.64 Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species and cathepsin protease released from phagolysosomal membrane destabilization cause activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes.65 The NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor, pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasomes are pattern recognition receptors that, when activated, cause cathepsin 1 to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin 1, Interleukin 18 that promote inflammation.66 During inflammation, specific transcription factors activation like NF B occurs.67 There is the activation of NF, which leads to the formation of inflammatory mediators and cytokines like interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ). A dangerous mine atmosphere is one that is toxic or explosive and there are several damps that create this kind of atmosphere. Our state-of-the-art dust extraction systems cover both on-tool and dust extraction units. 2007;10:139143. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. If it remains unchecked, the recruited cells cause tissue damage by releasing reactive oxygen and nitrogen.36, Cement dust containing toxic substances like aluminum, silica, and chromium at work can trigger inflammatory changes in organs like the liver, skin, and lungs. 2007;10(3):235240. The more time you spend in areas where silica dust levels are high, the more you are exposing your lungs to particles that can cause silicosis and the other diseases listed above. Richard EE, Augusta Chinyere NA, Jeremaiah OS, Opara UC, Henrieta EM, Ifunanya ED. 2016;6(11):a026161. Figure 3 Box plot of diastolic blood pressure in both groups (N=92). We recommend implementing pre-employment and periodic medical examination of workers and environmental monitoring in these factories as part of a prevention program to safeguard the health of occupationally cement dust-exposed workers. Employers should have workers fit tested and trained in their use and maintenance. Sign up to receive email about product launches, events, deals & more! The difference between the first part of the project and this present article is that the first part focused only on RBC count and Hemoglobin concentration in cement dust exposed subjects and observed whether this toxic dust aggravates anemia. Thus, the researchers concluded that the respiratory systems chronic symptoms were in high prevalence with association factors of age, department of work, level of education, experience at work, training, gender, and smoking in cement plant workers.41, One more south Asian study was conducted among 50 nonsmoking cement manufacturing workers, another 50 subjects were unexposed to cement dust. People whose lungs may be affected by inhaling silica long term may be diagnosed with Silicosis, a disease that occurs when silica dust is inhaled to a potentially fatal extent. Available from: https://www.lightcastlebd.com/insights/2020/10/bangladesh-cement-industry-optimistic-despite-challenges. Accessed March 17, 2021. This is even more important if you have facial hair. The dangers of inhaling concrete dust and stone dust should never be played down. Workers should always be involved in the process. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. They concluded that chronic exposure to this dust caused lung function impairment.43, A study done in Yemen in 2013 to observe the alteration of respiratory epithelium due to occupational exposure to cement dust reported a change in the cytology of the exposed group that was significant statistically (p< 0.05). 2016;45:12991310. Do Not Sell My Personal Information| Guguloth MR, Sambanaik A, Srinivasnaik L, Mude J. 40. 2013;109(1):147153. This can be done using a dust lamp aka a Tyndall beam, Health surveillance Using equipment to measure the amount and quality of airflow that a person is breathing, Training records Keeping track of who has been trained is an easy way of keeping on top of things, Maintaining equipment and making any repairs. This research suggested that workers of the cleaning, production, and transportation department of the cement industry were at greater risk of developing COPD and symptoms of respiratory system.45, A retrospective cohort study was performed in a cement plant of north Karnataka between 2010 and 2011. Moncement project environmental impact studies. Dove Medical Press is a member of the OAI. This study was performed in the year between 2017 and 2018. A significant contribution was made by all authors to the reported study, including concept creation, designing and executing of research, data acquisition, and interpreting of data following analysis; they participated in making the draft, revising, or reviewing the article critically; provided final approval of the version to be published; have come to the agreement on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Variables associated with chronic symptoms of the respiratory system were found with multivariable regression and adjusted odds ratio. Accessed March 10, 2021. In other European countries, the Chemical Agents Directive is the main source of legal requirements. Group B: healthy cement dust unexposed recruits (control). doi:10.3923/rjet.2011.133.140, 38. Have you ever used both words to mean the same thing? Whereas the respirable crystalline silica particle is only 5 micrometres in size. Heidelberg, Germany: Heidelberg Cement; 2015. Please try again or. Pearsons correlation (r) test was conducted to ascertain the correlation between total WBC count and cement dust exposure duration. Figure 8 Box Plot of Total WBC count in both groups (N=92). The focus of that part of the project was on anemia in cement dust workers because anemia is rampant in a country like Bangladesh.56. Inhaling wood dust is generally a lower risk but still a legitimate health concern. Figure 4 Box plot of age in both groups (N=92). 2018;9:874. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00874. Zainudeen N. Cement and its effect to the environment: a case study in Sri Lanka. Accessed March 17, 2021. doi:10.3390/ijerph10010390. The socioeconomic status was divided into high, middle, and low socioeconomic conditions according to the modified Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale.54 Blood pressure along with the anthropometrical values was measured. Silica, crystalline. 2017;1(1):1002. Adv Cell Biol. Institution of Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2017;91(9):29673010. 2018;15(10):986991. The role of Toll-like receptor proteins (TLR) 2 and 4 in mediating inflammation in proximal tubules. Available from: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1051AppF. 2009;151:012054. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012054. 2016;167(1):204213. Industrial Minerals Association Europe. 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