endobj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 89 0 R/Type/Page>> ["is_tax"]=> ["is_preview"]=> ["compare"]=> } ["is_singular"]=> bool(false) bool(false) string(0) "" Antibodies that detect specific proteins or molecular markers are imprinted on the membranes. Using a standard set of 170 single cassava leaf images, Mrisho et al. ["is_archive"]=> ["author__not_in"]=> ["request"]=> bool(false) ["is_day"]=> [47] showed that PlantVillage Nuru could diagnose symptoms of diseases at an accuracy (64%) higher than that of agricultural extension officers (50%) and cassava farmers (42%), suggesting that diagnostic apps such as this could offer a means to improve the diagnostic capability of users. ["primary_table"]=> ["table_aliases":protected]=> object(Timber\PostQuery)#11397 (4) { <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 81 0 R/Type/Page>> Miniature GCMS adapts the same detection mechanism as laboratory instruments: examples include the ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) [54], the ion-trap MS (TMS) [55] and the differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). This is because historically accessible datasets have lacked the spatial, temporal, and/or spectral resolution to facilitate early disease intervention. ["posts"]=> ["post_type"]=> Plant pests and pathogens cause significant economic losses and pose a significant constraint to agricultural productivity. ["meta_id_column"]=> } gold nanoparticles) that are responsible for the visual read-out. Conditions such as the quality and quantity of images used to train the model and the variation and complexity of the disease symptoms can influence the accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of the diagnostic system [47]. string(12) "events__date" <> ["relation"]=> Emerg Top Life Sci 21 May 2021; 5 (2): 275287. Most HTS platforms produce short DNA fragments, but the ONT and Pacific Biosciences platforms sequence much larger fragments of DNA, allowing analysis of genotypes present in mixed populations. string(11) "wp_postmeta" Use of the MinION has been demonstrated for the detection of plant-invading bacteria, viruses, fungi, phytoplasma, and insects [88,89] and in virus surveillance in the field in Africa, although the error rate was acknowledged as causing issues with phylogenetic analysis [90]. [0]=> Detection methods which target a pathogen's nucleic acid are able to target a particular species with very high specificity and have the potential to be extremely sensitive [19,79]. string(15) "parse_tax_query" string(4) "DATE" Climate change has extended the range of pests and the pathogens they vector. array(1) { %PDF-1.7
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L?,:|H|dI52ZDIO6K9*h7^$Mk,iCJ! array(0) { ["key"]=> ["s"]=> Other techniques (e.g. string(0) "" } Developments in technology, particularly methods based on molecular biology, have improved our ability to detect and identify pests and pathogens [15] and diagnose the causal agents of disease [1618]. ["is_feed"]=> ["embed"]=> Some methods require the purchase of capital equipment (e.g. The impact of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on plant health diagnostics has recently been reviewed [17]. array(8) { endobj bool(false) ["max_num_comment_pages"]=> ["has_or_relation":protected]=> string(0) "" string(3) "ASC" ["compare"]=> Surveillance activities provide benefits to agricultural industries, the community and the environment. <> <> DNA methods such as HTS or LAMP), where the manufacturer can build a pricing structure. 2017-06-30T23:42:55-07:00 endobj string(19) "2022-07-30 00:00:00" Nucleic acid-based methods with the potential to be used outside the laboratory have been developed for plant pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes [87]. string(3) "mt1" bool(false) ["is_post_type_archive"]=> This opens the possibility of developing materials with surveillance capabilities that can have a continuous presence in the field. string(6) "events" bool(true) uuid:dc4d7442-a624-11b2-0a00-404854b7fc7f ["monthnum"]=> ) bool(false) ["year"]=> array(2) { Chapter 11
["key"]=> } Plant pests are estimated to cause losses of 20-40% every year, highlighting the significant impact they have on food production, food security, the natural environment and ecosystems. string(10) "meta_value" The low capital costs of the MinION and the low cost of mini flowcells offers a potential application of this technology in low resource laboratories allowing them to access the genomics revolution without the massive capital outlay of more traditional genome sequencers. string(12) "\Timber\Post" array(0) { effectiveness of a management action) could facilitate the use of machine learning algorithms to modify and improve on the recommended action for the control of specific pests, ultimately creating a digital agronomist that can act on data and is able to learn from the outcomes of those actions. <>stream
string(0) "" This kind of information is invaluable for growers and consultants to adopt appropriate weed control measures. Simplicity for the end user is greatest in a fully automated system, such as platforms which combines an aerial spore trap with periodic automated DNA-based testing for fungal crop diseases in a standalone instrument. endobj ["order"]=> Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and helicase dependant amplification (HPA) are isothermal amplification methods which have short reaction times (often 1030min) and tolerance of inhibitors co-extracted when simplified sample preparation methods are used, making them well suited to in-field use [85,86]. Isothermal methods avoid the need for thermal cycling, allowing the use of less complex instruments or even body heat to achieve reaction temperatures. ["is_time"]=> ["is_404"]=> bool(false) ["tag"]=> <>/Font<>>>/Fields[11 0 R]>> bool(false) int(6) Appligent pdfHarmony 2.0 ["title"]=> ["is_date"]=> This device was able to identify late blight (P. infestans) in asymptomatic plants 2 days post inoculation and accurately differentiate late blight from other pathogens. 2 0 obj ["in_the_loop"]=> Mrisho et al. int(0) Most of these methods have been used to test small samples of plant tissue with symptoms of disease with relatively low throughput, to confirm the presence of a specific pest. [0]=> Active monitoring can be laborious and time consuming [92], ultimately limiting uptake. These apps also provide a vehicle for delivering advice for the management of the identified pest. ["posts_per_page"]=> Some example providers include Climate Corporation, VineView, Taranis, and Ceres Imaging, with a multitude of smaller providers offering UAV imagery to niche markets. ["is_month"]=> Information on the accuracy (both in-field and on-screen) of Leaf Doctor, Pestoz, and Plantix has not been made public while the on-screen accuracy of Tumaini was reported to range between 70% and 99% [46]. LFAs) have no requirement for capital equipment, and every test generates a cost to the user. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are simple, rapid, and cost-effective immunochromatographic tests (exemplified by home pregnancy tests) that allow the detection of proteins of interest without the requirement for equipment or technical expertise [71]. and Technologies in Plant Biosecurity, Tom Kalaris, Daniel Fieselmann, Roger Magarey, Manuel Colunga-Garcia, Amy Roda, Darryl Hardie, Naomi Cogger, Nichole Hammond, P.A. Plant pests and diseases pose a significant constraint to agricultural productivity, with estimated losses of 1/3 of global yield [3,4]. 50 0 obj The ability to sequence all the nucleic acids in a sample allows a non-targeted approach to be taken, asking the question what is present in this sample?' Engineered gene circuits can place complex technology in the hands of nonexpert operators and produce simple, informative outputs that can enable rapid, informed decisions [95] (Figure 5A). By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Access content during the Covid-19 pandemic, Detection of the disease using smartphone image analysis, Pathogen detection using field-portable VOCs sensors, Protein diagnostic platform: lateral flow assay (LFA), Potential of synthetic biology for self-reporting, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0533-y, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120207, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2007020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-008-9089-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02690.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1570-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9037-0, https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669509500707, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.001405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90001-Y, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-015-9421-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.10.003, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0297-R, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111480, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0189-7, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0294-R, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-017-0233-z, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0319-RE, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0475-z, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1141.ch006, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_13, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02612.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00600-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12127-018-0240-4, https://doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525977, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.5.419, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02355.x, https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20171101019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0476-y, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00226, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112360, https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7030051, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0450-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16896-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9284-3, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.11.6702-6710.2005, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.7.2853-2858.2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.035, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082704, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3706-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112592, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0488-RE, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0684-y, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0685-x, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0908-8_1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.010, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00347, Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), Exploring protein symmetry at the RCSB Protein Data Bank, Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress, Spatial patterns in ecological systems: from microbial colonies to landscapes, Terms & Conditions for single-article or journal-issue online purchases. ( [0]=> A list of Australias most unwanted can be foundhere. For example, the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, was recently introduced to sub-Saharan Africa where it has been estimated to cause yield losses in maize of 2153%, worth 2.56.1 billion USD annually across 12 countries where maize is the most widely grown staple food crop [10]. ["alias"]=> ~_IkCG
%*Hv;m7m[)[0'.\ZyZJ4l:}T`O,P~c}VN:'!h+YBw^lc&C_FzfP"ckPE:G[~x
d|T The adoption of an interdisciplinary approach from the outset is important to achieve overall aims. ["order"]=> array(1) { ["wp_postmeta"]=> <> 17 0 obj E-noses are appealing as in-field systems for the rapid detection of plant VOCs and have been used for the diagnosis of diseases including fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and blossom blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. ["post_parent"]=> Also shows USB connection which allows the device to be run from a laptop. Molecular diagnostics has revolutionised our ability to identify pests and diseases over the past two decades, but more recent technological innovations are enabling us to achieve better pest surveillance. } string(0) "" ["query_vars_hash":"WP_Query":private]=> array(3) { ["order"]=> ["_query":"Timber\QueryIterator":private]=> Reporting hotlines operate in both Australia and New Zealand (numbers shown below). ["table_aliases":protected]=> } bool(false) endobj string(12) "events__date" ["post__in"]=> object(WP_Query)#11400 (50) { The conjugation pad contains detection antibodies conjugated with nanoparticles (e.g. The use of smartphones as an approach to turn data into actionable knowledge is a trend likely to accelerate, helping with the adoption of new technologies by end user communities. bool(false) Plant pests and diseases impact both food security and natural ecosystems, and the impact has been accelerated in recent years due to several confounding factors. } All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All the technologies discussed have the potential to enhance the detection of pests and demonstrate a great potential to support plant biosecurity and surveillance. Search for other works by this author on: Smart phone applications facilitate wider access to diagnostic tools. ["cast"]=> int(736) endobj string(0) "" array(0) { int(0) string(7) "post_id" ["subpost_id"]=> ["error"]=> As a result, it is crucial that field inspectors, farmers and other users of the technology are prepared to deal with the results and make rapid decisions effectively. bool(false) The test pad is the location of the read-out. ["posts_per_page"]=> } int(0) (A) Synthetic gene circuits can be designed to produce different outputs in response to a range of biotic and abiotic targets. endobj dy9Nsh?7ESx}N%V^p string(19) "2022-07-30 00:00:00" ["meta_query"]=> string(0) "" This approach has been used to develop portable devices for the detection of plant pathogens [82,83]. [1]=> ["primary_id_column"]=> Most fields are too large for growers to cost-effectively monitor frequently; remote sensing enables high temporal- and spatial-resolution monitoring that can be used to deploy high-accuracy ground diagnostics and remediation activities to diseased plants before epidemics emerge. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants have recently emerged as noninvasive diagnostic markers for the detection of pathogens and pests [4852]. ["is_posts_page"]=> Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial plant pathogen prevalent across the United States, was first reported in Europe in 2013 in olive trees in Italy [11]. ["is_paged"]=> ["no_found_rows"]=> } "^=H0(
2G3r1{? Psc6UK}+bT5JP&EB_lf6@&!h`"#pI?,_/~
OX]{{*Jt# lS#1%CDp88PBIR e6 A9j~XkdN( `4w'i/rg>ml`;CXIr~ The next challenge is to move from diagnostics to surveillance. Miniaturised sensors enable in-field detection. int(6) ["clauses":protected]=> } ["is_favicon"]=> ["compare"]=> 16 0 obj Surveillance is a system of making and recording checks or inspections for plant pests (a broad term that refers to invertebrates and pathogens that negatively impact plants, plant products, bees, or edible fungi). ["compare"]=> array(0) { int(1799) string(12) "events__date" [65] (Figure 2A), combining brightfield smartphone microscopy with a paper-based colorimetric chemical sensor array [66,67] to achieve high sensitivity for green leaf volatiles and phytohormones. Despite having strong biosecurity systems in place, increasing volumes of trade and people movement means theres an ever-increasing risk of introduction of new pests. ["queries"]=> <> The quick and reliable diagnosis of herbicide resistance is, therefore, an essential step to improve weed control and minimise adverse effects on crop production and the farm economy [76,77]. Innovations in technology are providing a great array of tools to enable surveillance in support of biosecurity and control of endemic pests. ), with information on actions taken by end users (for example, the spray programme used) and subsequent outcomes (i.e. string(11) "wp_postmeta" bool(false) ["is_search"]=> using metabarcoding, where only specific and taxa-discriminating genes are sequenced. } 6 0 obj string(6) "events" string(571) "SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.ID FROM wp_posts INNER JOIN wp_postmeta ON ( wp_posts.ID = wp_postmeta.post_id ) INNER JOIN wp_postmeta AS mt1 ON ( wp_posts.ID = mt1.post_id ) WHERE 1=1 AND wp_posts.ID NOT IN (1799,736) AND ( This special issue on Emerging Topics in Plant Science brings together reviews that spotlight a range of technologies that are changing how we ask questions and integrate those questions from the macromolecular to ecosystem scales.
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